英语基础语法大全：分词
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9. 分词
9.1 分词作定语
分词前置
We can see the rising sun. 大家可以看到东升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分词后置
There was a girl sitting there. 有个女生坐在那里
This is the question given. 这是所给的问题
There is nothing interesting. 没有趣的东西
过去分词作定语
与其修饰的词是被动关系，等于一个被动语态的定语从句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
典型例题
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，等于定语从句 which is written
2)Whats the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的意思。
spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：
Whats the language spoken in German?
9.1 分词作定语
分词前置
We can see the rising sun. 大家可以看到东升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分词后置
There was a girl sitting there. 有个女生坐在那里
This is the question given. 这是所给的问题
There is nothing interesting. 没有趣的东西
过去分词作定语
与其修饰的词是被动关系，等于一个被动语态的定语从句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
典型例题
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被 动，等于定语从句 which is written
2)Whats the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的意思。
spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：
Whats the language spoken in German?
9.2 分词作状语
As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
- Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
因为没收到他的信，我给他打了电话。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
- Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
倘若多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
典型例题
1)_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的意思。being followed除表达被动以外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by。本题可改为： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2)There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答案B. 因为声音在闪电后，因此为声跟伴随光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用目前分词。
3)_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
答案C. 本题要选一分词作为状语。目前分词表主动，正在进行的;过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来讲是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它等于一个状语从句 When it is heated，
注意： 选择目前分词还是过去分词，重要看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就使用目前分词，反之就用过去分词。
used for a long time, the book looks old.
因为用了很久，这本书看起来非常旧。
Using the book, I find it useful.
在用的过程中， 我发现这本书非常有用。
9.3 连词+分词
有时为使分词短语与主句关系更了解，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语需要为同一个，如：
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
waiting 和saw 的主语相同。
9.4 分词作补语
一般在感官动词和使役动词之后，如：
I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。
Ill have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
9.5 分词作表语
目前分词： 表示主动，正在进行
过去分词： 表示被动，已经完成
She looked tired with cooking. 她因为忙着做饭，看起来有的疲倦。
He remained standing beside the table. 他依旧站在桌旁。
9.6 分词作插入语
其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并非句子的主语。
generally speaking 通常说来
talking of 说道
strictly speaking 严格的说
judging from 从判断
all things considered 从整体来看
taking all things into consideration 全方位看来
Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他肯定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来讲，狗比猪跑得快。
9.7 分词的时态
1)与主语动词同时，
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他开心得手舞足蹈。
Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男生去世了。
典型例题
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
答案B. 此处没连词，不可以选D，不然出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用目前分词。
2)先于主动词
While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。
分词作时间状语，假如先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out.
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
做完作业后，他出去了。
典型例题
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
答案C. 本题考分数查询词的时态与分词的否定式。依据题意判断，分词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
9.8 分词的语态
1)一般，目前分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，比如：
He is the man giving you the money. 他就是给你钱的那个人。
He is the man sTOPped by the car.
他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2)不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person. 一个读过很多书的人
a much-travelled may 一个去过很多地方的人
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
